GLOSSARY

Human physiology examines how the human body functions from the level of cells to the coordination of organs. Anatomy identifies the location of heart valves; physiology explains how pressure differences open and close them and direct blood flow.

Standing shifts blood distribution under gravity. Pressure sensors and autonomic responses help maintain perfusion, and contracting leg muscles can assist venous return. The time since standing and the measurement position therefore matter when comparing pulse or blood pressure between people.

Further reading: OpenStax — Overview of Anatomy and Physiology · OpenStax — Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System