GLOSSARY

Vitamin–Mineral Interaction is an effect of a vitamin on mineral absorption or function, or the reverse, depending on compound and amount.

Vitamin C can enhance non-haem iron absorption within a meal, depending on meal composition and individual status. Pepper or fruit alongside pulses illustrates the food interaction, not a guaranteed anaemia treatment or a need for megadoses. Haem iron differs, and more C does not remove bleeding, malabsorption or other underlying causes of low iron status.

Nutrient interactions may occur during absorption or later function. C's effect on non-haem iron and folate-B12 pathway dependence are different mechanisms. A large supplement can also change the balance. Varied ordinary meals are usually practical; the existence of an interaction does not mean every nutrient must be separated in time or consumed together at high doses.

Vitamin D supports calcium and phosphate regulation and bone mineralisation. Athletes' bone health also depends on energy availability, calcium, mechanical loading and hormonal conditions. Bone pain or stress injury should not be attributed only to D. Correcting deficiency may contribute, but cannot replace training-load management and an adequate overall diet.