GLOSSARY

Tertiary Prevention aims to reduce complications, disability or burden after disease is established.

For example, counseling a healthy person about future risk differs from supporting someone after an established disease event. Define whether the aim is prevention, early detection or limiting complications, then choose relevant outcomes. A short-term biomarker change should not be presented as direct proof that an individual clinical event has been prevented.

Primary prevention aims to reduce the chance of disease developing, secondary prevention emphasizes early detection and intervention, and tertiary prevention limits the impact of established disease. Nutrition can contribute at each level, with different goals and outcomes. A risk factor is not the same as a diagnosis, and a changed biomarker does not automatically demonstrate fewer clinical events. Use evidence relevant to the actual population and maintain realistic expectations about what an individual dietary change can achieve.

Cardioprotective eating commonly emphasizes vegetables, fruit, legumes, whole grains, nuts and suitable unsaturated-fat sources while improving the quality of fat and reducing excessive sodium. Benefits depend on what replaces the foods reduced. Clinical lipid and blood-pressure goals require broader assessment, including medication when indicated. Athletes should adapt portions and carbohydrate supply to training rather than assuming a heart-supporting pattern must be low in energy, extremely restrictive or unsuitable for fueling exercise.

An adequate diet provides sufficient energy and essential nutrients while fitting health needs. A high score for variety or a healthy food label cannot independently demonstrate adequacy. Review what is actually eaten, including foods excluded and suitable replacements. Athletes can consume many vegetables yet still lack enough energy or carbohydrate for training. Assess the overall pattern, distribution and relevant nutrient risks rather than assuming that a single food or supplement makes the entire diet balanced.