GLOSSARY

Taurine refers to taurine, an amino-sulfonic compound with several cellular roles, rather than a protein-building amino acid.

Betaine acts as a methyl donor and osmolyte, while taurine has roles in cell-volume regulation and other cellular functions, including calcium-related processes. These physiological roles do not by themselves prove a performance benefit from extra intake. Studies use specific preparations and protocols, and findings cannot automatically be transferred to every combination product. Anhydrous betaine and other betaine-containing compounds are not interchangeable merely because their names overlap. Judge the claimed sporting effect separately from the compound's established biochemical function.

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination determine how an ingredient reaches circulation and tissues. Plasma concentration does not directly establish muscle uptake or a useful performance effect. Half-life describes a concentration decline under defined conditions, while time to peak describes when a measured maximum occurs. Food, formulation, repeated use and individual physiology affect these processes. A faster or larger blood peak is therefore not automatically evidence that a formulation is better for the athlete's intended task.

The dose refers to the amount of the relevant active ingredient, not necessarily the mass of powder or the number of scoops. A single dose, daily total and body-mass-relative dose describe different quantities. Larger amounts can increase adverse effects without improving performance. Loading, maintenance and acute timing are ingredient-specific strategies rather than universal rules. Check all products used together so that repeated ingredients do not create an unintended total intake.