GLOSSARY

Substrate Concentration is substrate amount relative to reference volume.

Michaelis–Menten describes simplified initial-rate behavior under appropriate assumptions and conditions. Many allosteric enzymes and multisubstrate reactions require more than this simple model. Saturation means further substrate addition no longer produces a proportional rate increase; it does not mean bodily stores are full. Laboratory data need temperature, pH and enzyme concentration reported, and model parameters should not be transferred unchanged to intact exercising tissue.

In the simple model, Km is the substrate concentration giving half Vmax; it is not generally a binding dissociation constant. It reflects several microscopic rates, so lower Km does not universally mean tighter binding. Enzyme comparisons require compatible substrates and methods. A laboratory Km cannot by itself calculate an athlete's required food portion or target blood concentration, because cellular transport, compartmentation and pathway control also intervene.

Vmax depends on active enzyme amount and assay conditions; kcat expresses saturated turnover per active site. The kcat/Km ratio characterizes efficiency within the model, particularly at low substrate concentration. Substrate, product and enzyme concentrations have different roles. A higher enzyme parameter alone does not establish faster whole-body metabolism or superior performance; measurement boundaries, units and the distinction between potential capacity and actual flux remain essential.