GLOSSARY

Sarcopenia Reference Table

Older athletes vary greatly in training, function and disease burden; nutrition planning should preserve strength, adequacy and independence.

Older Adult Sports Nutrition Sports nutrition adapted to later-life training, health, recovery and practical eating needs.

Older athletes vary widely in health, training history, appetite and functional capacity. Aging can reduce the muscle protein response to a given stimulus, making adequate protein, its distribution and resistance exercise relevant, without implying that one leucine threshold applies to everyone. Energy needs can fall while nutrient needs remain important. Assess strength, function, oral health, medication and intake alongside body mass. Sarcopenia and frailty require appropriate definitions and evaluation; neither can be diagnosed from age or a low muscle estimate alone.

Older adults vary widely in function, health and activity. Reduced appetite, chewing or swallowing problems, isolation, medication and illness can limit intake even when body weight appears acceptable. Nutrition goals should consider muscle strength, independence and quality of life as well as disease management. Avoid adding restrictions that make eating unnecessarily difficult. An older athlete may need both training-related support and clinical assessment, with practical access to acceptable, nutrient-dense meals rather than assumptions based on age alone.

Protein targets depend on body size, training, energy intake, age and clinical status. A high-protein label does not identify the actual amount, amino-acid quality or distribution. During weight reduction, adequate protein and resistance exercise can help preserve lean tissue, but neither removes the consequences of an excessive energy deficit. Kidney disease can require a different clinical approach. Do not transfer a healthy athlete's protein strategy directly to a person with impaired renal function.