GLOSSARY

Renal Replacement Therapy Nutrition adapts nutrition to treatment replacing kidney function, with needs differing by modality and clinical condition.

Dialysis changes nutrition needs through treatment-related losses, altered fluid management and the person's clinical condition. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis differ, and glucose absorbed from peritoneal dialysis fluid can contribute energy. Protein advice for a person receiving dialysis may differ from advice before dialysis. Review actual intake, symptoms, biochemical trends and muscle function. Restrictions should be balanced against malnutrition risk, with the treating renal team guiding food, fluid and supplement decisions as treatment changes.

A renal diet is individualized to kidney function, laboratory results, treatment, medication and nutritional status. Protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and fluid are separate decisions, not automatic restrictions for everyone. Excessive restriction can worsen dietary adequacy and muscle loss. Potassium-containing salt substitutes and some supplements need particular review. An athlete with kidney disease should receive coordinated clinical nutrition care rather than importing a high-protein or electrolyte-loading strategy from healthy training partners without assessment.

Protein targets depend on body size, training, energy intake, age and clinical status. A high-protein label does not identify the actual amount, amino-acid quality or distribution. During weight reduction, adequate protein and resistance exercise can help preserve lean tissue, but neither removes the consequences of an excessive energy deficit. Kidney disease can require a different clinical approach. Do not transfer a healthy athlete's protein strategy directly to a person with impaired renal function.

Malnutrition can occur across body sizes, including in a person with obesity. Assessment considers reduced intake or assimilation, disease-related inflammation, weight trajectory and relevant body-composition or functional findings. Undernutrition, overnutrition and individual micronutrient deficiencies describe overlapping but distinct problems. A stable or high body weight cannot exclude inadequate nutrient supply or muscle loss. In an athlete, declining intake, recurrent illness or unintentional weight loss deserves assessment rather than automatic praise for becoming lighter.

A nutrition prescription specifies an individualized plan that can include energy, protein, other nutrients, fluid, food texture or route of delivery. The chosen body-weight reference, clinical condition and practical implementation must be clear when quantities are used. It should be monitored and revised as intake, treatment or health changes. In a clinical athlete, reconcile medical requirements with training rather than placing two incompatible prescriptions side by side and expecting the person to decide which one to follow.

Nutrition follow-up compares intended goals with actual intake, symptoms, function, relevant measurements and the person's experience. Specify the time frame and what would justify adjustment, continuation or referral. A treatment response can be beneficial, absent or adverse, and adherence alone does not prove effectiveness. Retain enough documentation to understand what changed. For an athlete, consider health and training quality alongside body mass or laboratory results so that apparent progress in one measure does not hide deterioration elsewhere.