GLOSSARY

Reducing Equivalent denotes electron-transfer capacity for reducing another substance.

For example, when comparing an easy session with hard training, record preceding food, duration, intensity, sampling time and recovery conditions together. A changed number or an activated pathway alone does not justify changing the diet; practical decisions must remain connected to the training goal, individual tolerance and actual performance trend.

Oxidation and reduction transfer electrons and are coupled, not always direct oxygen addition or removal. Carriers connect reactions through reducing equivalents. Local redox state and pool identity matter. Oxidation is not always damage, nor are greater amounts of every reducing compound beneficial. Normal fuel use and training signals require controlled redox reactions, so antioxidant language should not be interpreted as a reason to suppress all oxidation or equate a supplement claim with improved exercise metabolism.

Oxidized and reduced NAD forms support energy-related electron transfer; the phosphorylated pair supports many biosynthetic and reductive-defense reactions. Their pools and ratios are not fully interchangeable. Vitamin precursors contribute to coenzyme production, but extra intake without deficiency does not guarantee greater flux or performance. An external sample also does not fully represent mitochondrial redox conditions. Distinguish precursor supply, local coenzyme turnover and demonstrated benefit from supplementing a related compound.