GLOSSARY

RED-S Risk Factors Table

EA is a research and assessment construct with substantial measurement uncertainty; no single threshold diagnoses REDs in every athlete.

Energy Availability (EA) describes dietary energy remaining after exercise expenditure relative to fat-free mass over the chosen interval. It is distinct from whole-day energy balance and cannot be inferred from stable weight alone.

Energy availability describes dietary energy remaining after exercise expenditure, expressed relative to fat-free mass over a defined period. It differs from whole-day energy balance and from body-fat percentage. Calculations are sensitive to errors in food records, exercise expenditure and body-composition estimates. No single threshold or short observation establishes a diagnosis for every athlete. Persistent fatigue, impaired recovery or other concerning changes warrant assessment in the broader health and training context rather than a conclusion from one calculated value.

Energy requirements depend on body size and composition, activity, life stage and physiological circumstances. A maintenance estimate is a starting point for a defined situation rather than a permanent personal calorie ceiling. Training load, recovery, appetite and changes in body mass help evaluate its usefulness. Growth, illness or a change in training schedule may require reassessment. Adequate energy also needs appropriate carbohydrate, protein, fat and micronutrient provision; matching a calorie total alone does not guarantee a balanced sports diet.

Total expenditure includes energy needed at rest, the thermic effect of food and physical activity. Planned exercise is only part of activity expenditure. Work, walking and spontaneous movement can also matter. When an estimate already includes a component, adding it again double counts energy. Establish whether an exercise value is gross or net of resting expenditure, and use the same convention when comparing days or combining wearable estimates with a daily energy model.