GLOSSARY

Proprietary Blend is a named ingredient mixture that may disclose only its combined mass, limiting assessment of individual active doses.

Label accuracy, ingredient identity, potency, contamination control and manufacturing traceability are separate aspects of quality. A proprietary blend may conceal the amount of each ingredient, preventing comparison with research. A certificate of analysis applies to specified tests and samples, not every possible hazard. Verify the exact product and batch in an independent certification program when relevant. Good manufacturing practice and third-party testing can reduce certain risks without proving efficacy or guaranteeing that every batch is free of prohibited substances.

Competitive athletes remain responsible for substances found in their samples under applicable anti-doping rules. A supplement may contain undeclared ingredients, and a label or manufacturer assurance cannot establish that it is permitted. Check the official prohibited list effective on the event date, including restrictions by route, timing or sport when applicable. Independent sport-focused certification can reduce risk but cannot eliminate it. Keep product and batch records, and obtain current advice from the relevant anti-doping organization rather than relying on a generic product claim.