GLOSSARY

Phospholipid Digestion cleaves specified phospholipid bonds for uptake products, not identical to triglyceride digestion.

Fat digestion combines dispersion, bond hydrolysis and delivery of products to the absorptive surface. Pancreatic lipase with colipase is important for triglycerides, producing mainly fatty acids and monoglycerides. Lingual and gastric lipases contribute but do not replace the intestinal stage in healthy adults. Bile supports the environment and contact rather than itself breaking all fat bonds. These stages should remain distinct when interpreting digestive-product claims.

Lipids are not one substrate: phospholipases act on phospholipids and cholesterol esterase on suitable esters. Carboxyl ester lipase is a related name for a broad-acting ester enzyme, not necessarily an entirely separate substance. Products undergo uptake and reconstruction. Multiple enzyme names do not create a need to add all of them to healthy athletes' meals; clinical replacement and normal dietary variety are different issues.

Emulsification disperses large fat droplets into smaller ones, improving enzyme contact without itself hydrolyzing bonds. Mixed micelles combine bile salts and lipid products to support access to the absorptive surface. A micelle is not a chylomicron: the latter is assembled after cellular processing as a different transport particle. Improved dispersion and chemical digestion are connected steps, not interchangeable names for fat absorption.

Fat-digestion products move from the micellar environment toward enterocytes; uptake does not mean swallowing an entire intact micelle. Bile acids largely remain luminal for later recovery. Fat load and bile delivery influence this environment. A supplement's micellar claim requires evidence for that actual formulation; the structure's name alone guarantees neither complete absorption nor a superior sports effect or universal need for a specialized product.

After entering enterocytes, lipid products undergo re-esterification and packaging. Triglyceride resynthesis is not the same direction as digestion. Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles carrying many long-chain dietary lipids through lymph toward circulation. Not every fatty acid follows this route: chain length and chemical form influence handling. The existence of a reconstruction step does not mean dietary fat was never digested or cannot be absorbed efficiently.

A digestive enzyme accelerates particular reactions according to bond type, environment and substrate access. One enzyme cannot necessarily break every food component. Some are made as precursors and activated later to limit inappropriate injury. Separate normal physiology from supplement effects: an enzyme's presence in the body does not itself prove that additional intake improves digestion or sports performance in someone without a relevant deficiency.