GLOSSARY

Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN) uses a peripheral vein for intravenous nutrition, with formulation and duration limited by vascular tolerance and clinical factors.

Parenteral nutrition supplies nutrients intravenously when gastrointestinal use is impossible, insufficient or unsuitable in the clinical context. Central and peripheral routes differ in what can safely be delivered and for how long. The prescription includes energy substrates, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements and fluid as appropriate. Catheter infection, metabolic disturbances and other complications require skilled monitoring. Intravenous nutrition is a clinical intervention and should not be presented as a routine recovery upgrade for a healthy athlete who can eat.

After prolonged inadequate intake, restarting nutrition can produce dangerous shifts in phosphate, potassium, magnesium, thiamine demand and fluid balance. Risk depends on the clinical history and assessment, not only current body mass. Refeeding syndrome differs from a routine planned carbohydrate refeed during dieting. People at substantial risk need a carefully managed clinical plan with monitoring and appropriate support. Abruptly adding large amounts of food or supplements without assessment is not a safe shortcut to recovery from severe undernutrition.

Clinical nutrition translates assessment into an individualized intervention and evaluates the response. A disease name alone cannot define the prescription: disease stage, medication, symptoms, laboratory findings, intake and functional goals matter. Screening identifies possible risk, whereas a full assessment supports a nutrition diagnosis and care plan. A sports context adds training demands but does not remove clinical requirements. Coordinate care when medical and performance objectives interact instead of applying a standard athlete menu to every patient.