GLOSSARY

Mouth Rinse Without Ingestion exposes the mouth to carbohydrate without necessarily swallowing it, aiming to influence oral sensing in specific exercise settings.

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing exposes the mouth to carbohydrate without necessarily swallowing a meaningful amount. Oral sensing may influence central responses in some exercise settings, with effects depending on protocol and nutritional state. This differs from supplying substantial energy to the circulation. A rinse cannot replace a needed fueling or hydration plan in prolonged exercise. Practical use requires a tested procedure and attention to whether the event and athlete resemble the circumstances in which benefit has been observed.

Carbohydrate requirements vary with the intensity, duration and importance of the work. Daily intake relative to body mass describes a different quantity from an intake rate during exercise, which is commonly expressed per hour. A larger daily target does not mean the same amount should be consumed in every session. Match supply to the schedule, starting stores and practical tolerance, and distinguish grams eaten from grams absorbed or oxidized when discussing a fueling plan.

Exogenous carbohydrate comes from food or drink, while endogenous carbohydrate comes from existing body stores. Digestion, intestinal absorption, circulation, muscle uptake and oxidation are separate steps. Tracer studies can estimate oxidation of ingested substrate under defined assumptions. The amount consumed is not the amount oxidized immediately, and a high measured oxidation rate does not alone prove better race performance. Specify the substrate source and the process measured before comparing research or planning intake.