GLOSSARY

Hyperglycemia is elevated blood glucose relative to the relevant clinical reference or target.

For example, compare a glucose trend with the timing of food, medication and exercise. An average can appear acceptable while important low-glucose episodes remain. Check which sample or sensor is being discussed, the units and the specified target range before interpreting a laboratory result or a monitoring summary.

A glucose value describes a particular sample and time, while glycated hemoglobin reflects a longer period with important limitations. Continuous monitoring usually measures interstitial glucose, which can lag behind blood glucose during rapid changes. Time in, above and below a specified range describe different outcomes and depend on the chosen thresholds. Interpret trends with symptoms, exercise and treatment context. An apparently favorable average can hide episodes of low glucose or substantial variability that deserve separate clinical attention.

Fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, an oral glucose tolerance test and fasting insulin examine different aspects of glucose regulation. Results can be influenced by illness, preparation, medication and other clinical factors. HOMA estimates are model-based surrogate indices and do not directly measure whole-body insulin sensitivity or diagnose an individual in isolation. Interpret units, laboratory methods and the relevant population. Exercise-related changes should be discussed in context rather than labeled as disease or excellent metabolic health from one isolated reading.

Nutrition for diabetes coordinates food, activity, medication and glucose monitoring. Carbohydrate quantity matters, but food quality, distribution, total energy and individual response also require attention. People using insulin or certain glucose-lowering medicines can develop hypoglycemia, and abrupt dietary changes may require clinician-guided medication review. Carbohydrate counting describes estimation of carbohydrate intake; it is not itself an insulin prescription. Ratios, correction factors and targets are individualized and should not be borrowed from another athlete or an educational example.