GLOSSARY

Cellular Acid–Base Balance is local acidity regulation through reactions and membrane exchange.

Acidity reflects proton production, transfer, buffering and removal rather than one molecule such as lactate. A local transient muscle change during activity is not equivalent to a clinical whole-body acid–base disorder. Lungs and kidneys participate in regulation, and acidic urine alone does not establish acidic blood. Naming these processes does not justify an alkaline diet prescription or unsupervised use of buffering supplements.

Lactate is fuel, precursor and signal, continuously formed even with oxygen available. Its ionic form predominates at physiological pH. Casual lactic-acid language should not make it the sole cause of fatigue or next-day soreness. Muscle and heart can use it. Recovery does not aim to remove all lactate; fuel restoration, fluids and rest fit session demands. Production and utilization are normal metabolism rather than evidence that the body has simply accumulated useless poison.

Carbon dioxide, water and heat are normal outputs of metabolism, not a group of toxins. Exhaled carbon dioxide reflects oxidation of different fuels as well as buffering processes; its amount alone is not the amount of body fat lost. Metabolic water contributes to water balance but does not replace fluid intake, and body warmth without a measurement method cannot provide an exact calorie value.