GLOSSARY

Age-Related Anabolic Resistance A reduced muscle protein-building response to an anabolic stimulus such as food or exercise, often relevant in aging or inactivity.

Older athletes vary widely in health, training history, appetite and functional capacity. Aging can reduce the muscle protein response to a given stimulus, making adequate protein, its distribution and resistance exercise relevant, without implying that one leucine threshold applies to everyone. Energy needs can fall while nutrient needs remain important. Assess strength, function, oral health, medication and intake alongside body mass. Sarcopenia and frailty require appropriate definitions and evaluation; neither can be diagnosed from age or a low muscle estimate alone.

Older adults vary widely in function, health and activity. Reduced appetite, chewing or swallowing problems, isolation, medication and illness can limit intake even when body weight appears acceptable. Nutrition goals should consider muscle strength, independence and quality of life as well as disease management. Avoid adding restrictions that make eating unnecessarily difficult. An older athlete may need both training-related support and clinical assessment, with practical access to acceptable, nutrient-dense meals rather than assumptions based on age alone.

Protein targets depend on body size, training, energy intake, age and clinical status. A high-protein label does not identify the actual amount, amino-acid quality or distribution. During weight reduction, adequate protein and resistance exercise can help preserve lean tissue, but neither removes the consequences of an excessive energy deficit. Kidney disease can require a different clinical approach. Do not transfer a healthy athlete's protein strategy directly to a person with impaired renal function.

For example, an older athlete with low appetite may find a large evening meal difficult. Review food distribution, accessible protein sources and the underlying reason for reduced intake. Combine nutrition with appropriate strength activity and follow function rather than assuming that age alone explains falling performance.

Protein quality reflects digestibility and the supply of indispensable amino acids. Whey, casein, milk, soy and other foods differ in composition and digestion patterns, but a faster blood amino-acid rise does not automatically establish a better long-term outcome. Plant-based diets can support recovery when protein amounts, sources and overall intake are well planned. Blending sources or adjusting portions may be useful; the comparison should consider the complete meal and daily diet rather than a single ingredient label.

Bone health depends on adequate energy, relevant nutrients, mechanical loading, hormones and clinical factors. Calcium and vitamin D are important, but a supplement alone cannot correct all causes of low bone density. Osteopenia and osteoporosis require interpretation within the appropriate diagnostic framework, age and clinical context. Athletes with recurrent bone stress injury or signs of low energy availability need fuller assessment. Balance training and recovery rather than assuming that more exercise or more calcium is always the solution.

Food availability describes what is present, whereas accessibility includes whether a person can obtain and use it. Cost, transport, opening hours, kitchen facilities, disability and team arrangements can all affect intake. Food insecurity concerns unreliable access to sufficient suitable food and is not resolved by telling someone to make better choices. Ask respectfully about constraints and identify practical support. A technically ideal sports menu is ineffective if the athlete cannot afford, prepare, store or reach the foods at the required time.