GLOSSARY

Abdominal Skinfold is a skinfold at a defined abdominal landmark. It samples subcutaneous tissue and does not directly measure visceral fat inside the abdominal cavity.

Skinfold calipers measure a compressed double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue at standardized sites. Site location, examiner skill and technique influence results. A sum of skinfolds can track changes without converting it to body-fat percentage. Predictive equations add assumptions about fat distribution and the population used to develop them. Repeated values are most useful when the same trained assessor follows the same protocol, and they should not be treated as a direct measurement of visceral fat.

Circumference measurements require a defined anatomical landmark, tape tension, posture and breathing phase when relevant. A change can reflect muscle, fat, fluid or measurement technique. Waist and hip ratios are only comparable when the same protocol and denominator are used. Record the raw measurements as well as calculated indices. These low-cost measurements can help follow trends, but they do not directly separate all tissues or provide a substitute for an assessment when health concerns are present.

Total fat mass and its anatomical distribution describe different features. Subcutaneous fat lies beneath the skin, visceral adipose tissue surrounds internal abdominal organs, and ectopic lipid accumulates in sites not normally serving as the main adipose depot. Regional estimates depend on the method and boundaries used. Exercise cannot be assumed to selectively remove fat from the exact body part being trained. Interpret distribution measures within a broader health assessment rather than assigning an athlete a universal desirable regional fat value.