GLOSSARY

Thyroid Hormones and Energy Expenditure
Thyroid hormones influence energy expenditure through transcriptional and cellular metabolic effects.

From synthesis to tissue action

Thyroid function involves iodide handling, hormone formation in thyroglobulin, secretion, protein binding and local conversion. Transporters, deiodinases and receptor isoforms shape tissue exposure. These steps explain why circulating total hormone and intracellular thyroid action are different measurements.

A distinction that matters

• The result depends on tissue, physiological state and other signals, rather than a single fixed calorie increase.

Interpreting the axis

TSH and free thyroid hormones are interpreted together with symptoms and assay conditions. Illness, medicines and energy deficiency can alter the pattern. A change during heavy training should not automatically be treated as primary thyroid disease.