Peptide YY (PYY)
Gastrointestinal Hormones and Gut–Brain Communication
Peptide YY (PYY)
PYY is released by enteroendocrine cells after eating, particularly in the distal gut. Different molecular forms interact with neuropeptide Y-family receptors and contribute to gastrointestinal and appetite regulation.
A network of nutrient signals
Gastrointestinal signaling combines direct nutrient sensing, enteric neural activity, endocrine release and vagal communication. Meal size, composition and gastric emptying affect the response. Several peptides can be released together, so one concentration cannot explain the entire postprandial state.
Interpreting the mechanism
Enzymatic conversion changes receptor preference. A total PYY measurement does not reveal the relative abundance or biological action of every form.
Appetite and exercise
An acute appetite-hormone change does not necessarily predict later food intake. Exercise duration, intensity, heat and carbohydrate availability can modify both secretion and symptoms. Measurements are most useful when linked with actual intake, tolerance and recovery.
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