GLOSSARY

Coordinated glucose regulation

Islet output integrates nutrients, autonomic inputs, incretin signals and local cell-to-cell communication. Insulin and glucagon act on different tissues through distinct receptor pathways. Secretion, circulating concentration, insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal are related but separate quantities.

Interpreting the mechanism

Alpha-cell behavior is not governed by glucose concentration alone. Loss of an appropriate glucagon response can impair defenses against falling glucose, especially in selected diabetes contexts.

During movement and recovery

Contracting muscle can increase glucose uptake while circulating insulin declines. Hepatic glucose output and carbohydrate availability help match demand. People using glucose-lowering medicines may have different exercise responses, so general physiology does not replace individualized clinical planning.