GLOSSARY

Intra-Islet Paracrine Signaling
Local islet signals coordinate alpha, beta and delta cells. Somatostatin restrains neighboring secretion, while insulin-related and glucagon-related signals influence the network.

Coordinated glucose regulation. Islet output integrates nutrients, autonomic inputs, incretin signals and local cell-to-cell communication. Insulin and glucagon act on different tissues through distinct receptor pathways. Secretion, circulating concentration, insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal are related but separate quantities.

A distinction that matters. Peripheral concentrations incompletely represent this microenvironment.

During movement and recovery. Contracting muscle can increase glucose uptake while circulating insulin declines. Hepatic glucose output and carbohydrate availability help match demand. People using glucose-lowering medicines may have different exercise responses, so general physiology does not replace individualized clinical planning.