GLOSSARY

Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure
Recurrent hypoglycemia can blunt autonomic warning and counterregulatory responses, increasing future hypoglycemia risk.

Coordinated glucose regulation

Islet output integrates nutrients, autonomic inputs, incretin signals and local cell-to-cell communication. Insulin and glucagon act on different tissues through distinct receptor pathways. Secretion, circulating concentration, insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal are related but separate quantities.

Specific considerations

• This is particularly relevant in insulin-treated diabetes and requires individualized clinical management.

During movement and recovery

Contracting muscle can increase glucose uptake while circulating insulin declines. Hepatic glucose output and carbohydrate availability help match demand. People using glucose-lowering medicines may have different exercise responses, so general physiology does not replace individualized clinical planning.