Hormonal Regulation of Gastric Emptying
Gastrointestinal Hormones and Gut–Brain Communication
Hormonal Regulation of Gastric Emptying
Intestinal signals including CCK, GLP-1 and PYY can slow gastric delivery under appropriate conditions.
A network of nutrient signals
Gastrointestinal signaling combines direct nutrient sensing, enteric neural activity, endocrine release and vagal communication. Meal size, composition and gastric emptying affect the response. Several peptides can be released together, so one concentration cannot explain the entire postprandial state.
Interpreting the mechanism
Meal composition and neural feedback matter, so one peptide cannot predict emptying alone.
Appetite and exercise
An acute appetite-hormone change does not necessarily predict later food intake. Exercise duration, intensity, heat and carbohydrate availability can modify both secretion and symptoms. Measurements are most useful when linked with actual intake, tolerance and recovery.
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