GLOSSARY

Hepatic Insulin Action
Hepatic insulin action suppresses glucose production and promotes storage through direct and indirect mechanisms.

Coordinated glucose regulation. Islet output integrates nutrients, autonomic inputs, incretin signals and local cell-to-cell communication. Insulin and glucagon act on different tissues through distinct receptor pathways. Secretion, circulating concentration, insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal are related but separate quantities.

A distinction that matters. Hepatic glucose transport does not depend on the muscle-type GLUT4 recruitment mechanism.

During movement and recovery. Contracting muscle can increase glucose uptake while circulating insulin declines. Hepatic glucose output and carbohydrate availability help match demand. People using glucose-lowering medicines may have different exercise responses, so general physiology does not replace individualized clinical planning.