GLOSSARY

Glucagon and Gluconeogenesis
Glucagon supports hepatic gluconeogenesis through acute metabolic and longer-term transcriptional regulation. Substrate supply and interactions with insulin influence output.

Coordinated glucose regulation. Islet output integrates nutrients, autonomic inputs, incretin signals and local cell-to-cell communication. Insulin and glucagon act on different tissues through distinct receptor pathways. Secretion, circulating concentration, insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal are related but separate quantities.

A distinction that matters. Increased enzyme expression alone does not measure actual glucose flux.

During movement and recovery. Contracting muscle can increase glucose uptake while circulating insulin declines. Hepatic glucose output and carbohydrate availability help match demand. People using glucose-lowering medicines may have different exercise responses, so general physiology does not replace individualized clinical planning.