GLOSSARY

Ghrelin Acylation by GOAT
GOAT acylates ghrelin, enabling classical GHSR activation.

A network of nutrient signals

Gastrointestinal signaling combines direct nutrient sensing, enteric neural activity, endocrine release and vagal communication. Meal size, composition and gastric emptying affect the response. Several peptides can be released together, so one concentration cannot explain the entire postprandial state.

Interpreting the mechanism

• Acylated and unacylated ghrelin are distinct analytical and biological categories; total ghrelin does not identify the active fraction.

Appetite and exercise

An acute appetite-hormone change does not necessarily predict later food intake. Exercise duration, intensity, heat and carbohydrate availability can modify both secretion and symptoms. Measurements are most useful when linked with actual intake, tolerance and recovery.