Gastrointestinal Endocrine System
Gastrointestinal Hormones and Gut–Brain Communication
Gastrointestinal Endocrine System
The gastrointestinal endocrine system consists of dispersed hormone-producing cells communicating with pancreas, brain and other targets.
A network of nutrient signals
Gastrointestinal signaling combines direct nutrient sensing, enteric neural activity, endocrine release and vagal communication. Meal size, composition and gastric emptying affect the response. Several peptides can be released together, so one concentration cannot explain the entire postprandial state.
Interpreting the mechanism
Nutrient, neural and local signals jointly regulate release.
Appetite and exercise
An acute appetite-hormone change does not necessarily predict later food intake. Exercise duration, intensity, heat and carbohydrate availability can modify both secretion and symptoms. Measurements are most useful when linked with actual intake, tolerance and recovery.
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