GLOSSARY

Gastric Inhibitory and Stimulatory Hormonal Signals
Gastric hormonal regulation combines stimulatory gastrin-related activity with inhibitory signals from acid exposure and intestinal feedback.

A network of nutrient signals

Gastrointestinal signaling combines direct nutrient sensing, enteric neural activity, endocrine release and vagal communication. Meal size, composition and gastric emptying affect the response. Several peptides can be released together, so one concentration cannot explain the entire postprandial state.

A distinction that matters

Neural inputs and histamine connect these pathways.

Appetite and exercise

An acute appetite-hormone change does not necessarily predict later food intake. Exercise duration, intensity, heat and carbohydrate availability can modify both secretion and symptoms. Measurements are most useful when linked with actual intake, tolerance and recovery.