Estrogen and Skeletal Muscle Function
Ovarian and Female Reproductive Endocrinology
Estrogen and Skeletal Muscle Function
Estrogen signaling interacts with muscle repair, metabolism and contractile function.
A changing reproductive system
Ovarian function integrates follicular development, gonadotropin input, local signaling and changing steroid feedback. Hormone patterns differ across the cycle and life stages. Timing relative to ovulation or menstrual phase is often essential for interpreting a sample.
Interpreting the mechanism
Human performance effects vary, and cycle-related hormone changes do not establish one optimal training program for everyone.
Health and training
Cycle disturbance has several possible causes and should not be assumed to be a normal training effect. Energy availability, pregnancy, medication use and endocrine conditions require consideration. Physiological cycle differences alone do not establish one universally optimal training schedule.
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