GLOSSARY

Endocrine Pancreas
The endocrine pancreas consists of hormone-producing cells organized mainly within pancreatic islets. It complements the enzyme-secreting exocrine pancreas through signals regulating nutrient handling.

Coordinated glucose regulation

Islet output integrates nutrients, autonomic inputs, incretin signals and local cell-to-cell communication. Insulin and glucagon act on different tissues through distinct receptor pathways. Secretion, circulating concentration, insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal are related but separate quantities.

Interpreting the mechanism

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide arise from different cell populations. Their local interactions and vascular delivery help coordinate responses to feeding, fasting and exercise.

During movement and recovery

Contracting muscle can increase glucose uptake while circulating insulin declines. Hepatic glucose output and carbohydrate availability help match demand. People using glucose-lowering medicines may have different exercise responses, so general physiology does not replace individualized clinical planning.