GLOSSARY

Cortisol Biosynthesis
Cortisol biosynthesis uses sequential mitochondrial and endoplasmic-reticulum reactions, including CYP17A1, CYP21A2 and CYP11B1-related steps.

Distinct adrenal pathways. Adrenal zones differ in enzyme expression and regulatory inputs. ACTH strongly influences glucocorticoid pathways, whereas angiotensin II and potassium are major aldosterone regulators. Steroid binding, local conversion and clearance modify the relationship between gland output and blood concentration.

Specific considerations. A block can alter several precursor and product concentrations.

Context for a result. Sampling time, illness, medicines, posture and sodium status matter differently for different adrenal tests. An exercise-associated rise is not itself a diagnosis. Persistent symptoms or abnormal biochemical patterns require the appropriate clinical assessment.