GLOSSARY

CCK1 and CCK2 Receptors
CCK1 receptors are important in digestion and satiation-related pathways, while CCK2 receptors recognize gastrin and CCK in relevant tissues.

A network of nutrient signals. Gastrointestinal signaling combines direct nutrient sensing, enteric neural activity, endocrine release and vagal communication. Meal size, composition and gastric emptying affect the response. Several peptides can be released together, so one concentration cannot explain the entire postprandial state.

Specific considerations. Receptor distribution shapes their distinct effects.

Appetite and exercise. An acute appetite-hormone change does not necessarily predict later food intake. Exercise duration, intensity, heat and carbohydrate availability can modify both secretion and symptoms. Measurements are most useful when linked with actual intake, tolerance and recovery.