GLOSSARY

Local growth-factor networks

Growth factors influence proliferation, differentiation, survival and extracellular matrix remodeling through receptor-specific pathways. Their actions depend on tissue state, dose, timing and interactions with other signals. More signaling is not automatically equivalent to better repair or functional adaptation.

Specific considerations

This canonical route differs from TGF-beta-linked SMAD2/3 signaling, despite family relationships.

From pathway to performance

Circulating concentrations and phosphorylation markers do not directly quantify local tissue regeneration. Evidence for a proposed exercise benefit should link the relevant tissue signal with meaningful structural or functional outcomes, while distinguishing human findings from experimental models.