GLOSSARY

ACE2–Angiotensin-(1–7)–Mas Axis
ACE2 can generate angiotensin-(1–7), which signals through Mas-related pathways in relevant tissues.

Volume, blood cells and iron

Renal and cardiovascular signals regulate circulation and sodium handling, while EPO, thrombopoietin and iron-regulatory hormones support blood-cell production. These pathways interact but have different sources, receptors and response times.

Interpreting the mechanism

The axis complements rather than simply replaces classical RAAS regulation.

An exercise distinction

A rapid change in plasma volume can alter measured blood concentrations before new blood cells are produced. Endocrine stimulation, iron availability and marrow response determine longer-term erythropoiesis. A single post-exercise result cannot independently establish increased oxygen-carrying mass.